If you build something without a permit, you may be subject to fines. The city or town in which you are building will have regulations specifying what is required for a permit and what the penalties are for not obtaining one. Building without a permit can also jeopardize the structural integrity of your project and can lead to problems with code compliance. In some cases, it can even prevent you from getting insurance or selling your property. So it's always best to check with your local government before starting construction on any project.
Without a permit, you are likely building something that is in violation of your local zoning regulations and/or building codes. If you are caught and fined, you could also be ordered to tear down what you have built. Additionally, if something happens (e.g., a fire) that is linked back to your unpermitted structure, you could be held liable. So it's definitely not worth the risk - always get a permit!